Hamlet Essays (1566 words) - Characters In Hamlet, Prince Hamlet

Hamlet Hamlet one of Shakespeare's greatest plays, where the young prince of Denmark must uncover the truth about his fathers death. Hamlet a play that tells the story of a young prince who's father recently died. Hamlets uncle Claudius marries his mother the queen and takes the throne. As the play is told Hamlet finds out his father was murdered by the recently crowned king. The theme that remains constant throughout the play is appearance versus reality. Things within the play appear to be true and honest but in reality are infested with evil. Many of the characters within the play hide behind a mask of falseness. Four of the main characters that hid behind this mask are Polonius, Rosencrantz (Guildenstern), the king Cluadius. From behind this mask they give the impression of a person who is sincere and genuine, in reality they are plagued with lies and evil. There appearance will make it very difficult for Hamlet to uncover the truth, the characters hide behind. Polonius the kings royal assistant has a preoccupation with appearance. He always wants to keep up the appearance of loving and caring person. Polonius appears like a man who loves and cares about his son, Laertes. Polonius speaks to his son with advice that sounds sincere but in reality it is rehearsed, hollow and without feeling. Polonius gives his advice only to appear to be the loving caring father. The reality is he only speaks to appear sincere as a politician, to look good rather then actually be good: "And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry. This above all: to thine own self be true, And it must follow, as the night the day, Thou canst not then be false to any man. Farewell; my blessing season this in thee!" Act 1 Polonius gives his son Laertes his blessing to go away, he sends a spy to follow him and keep an eye on him. This shows his lack of trust for anyone, he gives the appearance of a confident father who trusts his son to go off on his own. In reality he lies about his trust for his son by sending a spy to watch him. His advice he gives his son is rehearsed and only said to give the appearance of a loving father. Polonius further adds to the theme appearance verses reality by ordering Ophelia to stop seeing Hamlet. He lies to her telling her that Hamlet does not love her, he only lusts for her, in truth he does love her: Ay, springes to catch woodcocks. I do know, When the blood burns , how prodigal the soul Through the play Polonius hids behind his mask appearing to be honest loving parent. In reality Polonius lies, manipulates people and eavesdrops on peoples conversation. Polonius helps contribute to the theme appearance verses reality by showing how his appearance is not his true nature, behind the mask there lies someone totally different. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are two of Hamlets childhood friends who when asked by the king, try to find out what is troubling the young prince. Both help to contribute to the theme by showing there appearance of being Hamlets friends. The pair go to Hamlet pretending to be his friends when in truth they are only there because the king asked them to find the truth. There is some irony within the twins, they are asked by the king to find out the truth by hiding within a lie, by pretending to be his friend: A dream is but a shadow Act II. Hamlet knows there purpose for their visit is to dig into his soul to find the real reason for his actions as of late. As the play continues the twins are asked again by the king to go to Hamlet and try again to find the real reason for Hamlets behavior. Hamlet insults them at every chance knowing they are lying to him about there purpose of the visit: Tis as easy as lying; govern these ventages with you finger and thumb, give it breath with your mouth...Act III As the melodrama continues Hamlet goes with the twins to reclaim money that another state owes Denmark. Hamlet is sent by the king to retrieve the assets. In actuality Hamlet is sent off to wither because the king, Claudius knows that Hamlet knows too much and must be killed. The twins show there appearance of being Hamlets friends but in truth they have a hidden reason for visiting with Hamlet. Both show

20 Common Law Internship On-Campus Interview Questions

20 Common Law Internship On-Campus Interview Questions The on-campus interview (OCI): It has an ominous ring to it, maybe because of horror stories told by other law school students, maybe because of the pressure to do well. Almost all law schools offer some type of on-campus interview at the start of the students second year. Although your entire future may not hang on the success of your OCI, you definitely want to do well enough to proceed to the next step: the callback interview. If you manage that, your future will indeed be brighter.   You can do this, and you can do it well. In fact, you can ace it with the right preparation and if you know what to expect going in. The OCI Despite its name, the OCI may or may not actually take place on campus, but in a hotel conference room or another public facility. Its not with law school personnel, but rather with representatives of some of the foremost law firms in the area- even some outside the area. Theyre looking for the perfect students to staff their summer associate programs. And yes, that will look awesome on your resume even if your interview doesnt ultimately result in a summer  position, which is, of course, your ultimate goal.   Your meetings arent random. You must apply to your targeted firms first, and the firm will most likely receive a lot of bids. The firm then chooses who it wants to interview from among these bids. If youre chosen and if you do well, youll be invited back for that callback interview, which will most likely result in a summer job offer.   What Happens in the Law School Interview? Preparation means knowing what interview questions you can probably expect. Not every interview goes the same way, of course, so you may or may not be asked all the following questions. In a worst-case scenario, you wont be asked any of them. But you should at least have answers prepared for these so youre not caught off guard, and you can use them for ideas to branch out into other possible questions so you can prepare for those, too.   Why did you go to law school?Are you enjoying law school? What do you like/dislike about it?What classes do you enjoy/dislike?Do you feel youre getting a good legal education?If you could go back and decide whether to go to law school again, would you do it?Do you feel your GPA and/or class rank is representative of your legal abilities?Why do you think youd make a good lawyer?What is your biggest weakness?Do you like working on your own or on a team?How do you handle criticism?What is your proudest achievement?Where do you see yourself in 10 years?Do you consider yourself competitive?What have you learned from work experiences/student activities?Have you ever withdrawn from a class?What do you know about this firm?Why do you want to work at this firm?What areas of law interest you most?What types of books do you like to read?Do you have any questions? The last one can be tricky, but you are certainly entitled to ask a few questions of your own, so prepare for that possibility as well.

Auditing assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Auditing assignment - Essay Example Given the Current Asset of $178 million and Current Liabilities of $277 million the current ratio of the company is less than one highlighting the weakness in the liquidity position (Forest Enterprises Australia Limited, 2009, p.51-52). Industry players like Great Southern and Timbercorp have already collapsed. The fall of entities in the industry is a factor for the issuance of going concern opinion (Kachor, 2010). The investors of the company have sought legal advice in the matter relating to the repayment of loan by FEA. The company did not make significant financial disclosures to its investors for the fiscal year 2009 and 2010. These being crucial information should have been disclosed to the potential investors; failure to do so is a non-compliance of statutory requirement (Kachor, 2010). In order to lower the debt component the management has planned for an asset sale; and is also in the process of discussion with the financiers regarding financing arrangements and restructuring plans. The company also undertook a successful capital raising program last year (FEA Group of Companies,

Sociology and crime Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sociology and crime - Term Paper Example However at times this storyline may render itself too much in too little time for its juvenile gang members, the zeal to combat boredom lending an animalistic blood pumping through their veins, drawbacks exist in a magnetic negative, in spite of their tendency to be ambiguous. The following pages spend a precious small effort in seeking to explore the surprising while working companionably to endow readers with some kind of realistic sense of the jovial life of certain gang members. Simultaneously the pen teases the imagination by endeavoring to lead a journey through a poet’s land of the unexpected. While acknowledging the potential difficulties of crime the mastering ‘what else’ question continually reminds its readers that much is to be uncovered. The usual must support an eye that strives to have sharper than normal vision, more clearly eagle-positioned. Generalizations fraught by national statistics concerning United States criminology pale mundanely, hanging on a billboard sign in the front while the wolves ravage the land behind them. Compilation of facts and figures are incomplete as well as traditionally inconsistent. Undoubtedly methodology will not ever be able to exist solely within a subjective parameter. Hence, the premise of this essay concerns itself with an enlightening view of personal experience up to a certain point in its struggle to allow room for a widely-rounded eyeglass, favoring a collaboration of perspectives. Despite its enigmatic philosophy, a finite amount of truth reveals itself upon examination among lust and desire to make the country better. This takes the reader past the ‘what else’ creative rouser, offering a beacon of hope in a situation which seems hopeless with in sight no ending. The blackened sheep may not be doomed to some midnight ravaging, in spite of the delinquent’s life of trials and error. The country has a black face. Yet, if delinquents can find sensationalism in a life of ‘red herring,’ the country can joyfully take up the arms of responsibility. The flag is glowing. What Else? A Philosophical Examination of Juvenile Delinquency Juvenile offense is an extremely multi-varied subject. The wealth of information on the topic contains components which are themselves ten times multiplied. But, in spite of the almost confounding numerical material ravaging and devouring this handicap of teens, the relationship between such material and reality leads to one truth simple and nearly innate. As a pre-requisite to the examination of delinquency among adolescents, the study of wolf packs makes itself relevant. Female wolf-packs, more scientifically defined as groups theorize that being part of an unexpected formation proves to be at times more valuable than not. In a study done in the Hwange National Park region of Zimbabwe between the years of July 1992 up through November 1998, an interesting yet unsurprising case was documented. The chosen candid ates for the formation of the establishment was composed of an adult male protecting three yearling pups, one of which harbored an only partially-formed hind-leg. Formidably contesting this group, a unit of four healthy adult males toed the line of battle. The female members of the Canis lupus genus made a pact with the former by a mutually formed consensus among their party. The rather unlikely

Palestinian-Civil Right Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Palestinian-Civil Right Movement - Essay Example This has led to generation of various conflicts between these two states. Most of the conflict result to too many of the civilians suffering and mainly there is large displacement of civilian population. This has led major resistance and boycott of Israel product. These resistances in Palestine state are known as the Intifada. Generally, there is the first, second, and the green intifada. There has been major intifada that come with effects to these two countries (Alimi 80-90). This paper seeks to focus on Palestinian civil right movement, intifada. The first Palestinian intifada took a period of six years. It began in 1987 to 1993. This was after a 20-year occupation of Israel in Arab states. What agitated this form of resistance was due to Israel occupation of their ancestral habitat and a protracted military brutality (Lockman and Beinin 396). The Palestine perceived the occupation of Jews in this state as a lowering of their human dignity. This felt the occupation of their homela nd as a form of apartheid experienced in other parts of the world. The stabbing of Israel citizen by a Palestinian and a fatal accident that killed four occupants of Jabalya refugee camp which led to Palestinian to see it as a form of vengeance also necessitated this uprising. This form of resistance against the Israel started in the region of Gaza and West Bank. It was at this time the effects of intifada became prominent. This uprising was due to various hearsay and rumors perpetuated by the Muslim religious leaders. This form of resistance was well coordinated and had a national appeal. The first intifada was characterized by peaceful violence, civil disobedience and some form of resistance. Other form of strikes, barriers, tax evasion, drawing of criticism and avoidance of Israel commodities characterized this resistance. Due to its national appeal, majority of the civilians bombarded the Israel military with stones, grenades and various form of crude weapons killing and woundin g the Israel soldier and civilians. Some of the Palestinians who were perceived to be collaborating with Israel were also lynched. This form of uprising caught Israel troops napping, as they were not prepared to a war of such magnitude. This uprising kept on being fuelled by rumors from Palestinian leaders (Nassar 180-197). Additionally, there was the second intifada that started in the year 2000. This intifada lasted for a period of five years. The second intifada was similar to the first intifada. It was a continuous struggle by Palestinian against the occupation of their land and various form of brutality experienced at the hands of the Israel soldiers. However, Israel has linked this form of civil disobedience and violence to the act of terrorism. This period was characterized mainly by protest, strikes, and attacks on Israel soldier. Moreover, it was characterized by the emergence of suicide bombers and hence the numbers of casualties were more than the first intifada. Israel r esponse was by use of curfews, infrastructural attack on Palestine and several checkpoints. This uprising culminated into the Oslo pact and some stability was restored (Carey 115-125). In addition, there was the green intifada whereby Palestinian resisted the occupation of their homeland by planting trees especially the olive trees. Olive trees are major contributor to Palestine economy. However, Israel

Social Workers Roles and Benefits of PTSD Treatment

Social Workers Roles and Benefits of PTSD Treatment Ethel Jones Abstract Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating condition that affects a disproportionate percentage of the military population, particularly within those populations of veterans who have served in combat deployments. This mental disorder manifests within patients in various ways, but is often triggered by events or perceived events that are associated with the patients own traumatic event. Comorbidity with other disorders, such as substance abuse disorders, is also common in many patients with post-traumatic stress disorder, often making treatment methods difficult. As a social worker, it is imperative to know the symptoms of PTSD and remain current regarding effective treatments so clients can be given the best available resources for the disorders management. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating mental illness that many veterans endure after experiencing the stresses and witnessing traumas during combat deployments. This mental condition is not limited to the exposure to combat-related trauma; Fry (2016) noted that this problem develops following exposure to a stressful event or a situation of an exceptionally threatening or catastrophic nature (para. 1). Characteristics of this disorder include increased tension, reliving the traumatic event and avoidance of stimuli related to the traumatic event (Fokkens et al., 2015, p. 569). The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) also addressed other cognitive alterations, such as detachment or disinterest in activities or loved ones and a distorted perception about themselves or others. For combat veterans, Allen, Crawford, and Kudler (2016) found PTSD to be the Department of Veterans Affairs leading diagnosis. It is now estimated that up to 30 percent of veterans who have served in Iraq and/or Afghanistan have post-traumatic stress disorder. The impact and experiences of combat-related post-traumatic stress disorder is rarely limited to the veteran. While most research has focused on the PTSD victim, it is also important to note the devastating effect that the disorder has on the victims immediate family as well. Yambo et al. (2016) found in a study of military spouses a radically changed life after a return or returns from combat deployment. Concurrent treatment for both the PTSD patient and their spouses and children can provide significant benefits by strengthening family resiliency and expediting the management of PTSD symptoms. Researchers are also noting that simultaneously occurring disorders with a PTSD diagnosis can further complicate treatment efforts. In their findings, Allen et al. (2016) found that alcohol abuse co-occurred often with both men and women with PTSD, suggesting that alcohol abuse was often used as a self-medication method of coping with PTSD symptoms (135). Throughout the military population in general, the rate of alcohol abuse is disproportionately large, many soldiers self-reported an increase of alcohol abuse after exposure to intense combat situations (Allen et al., 2017). Popular treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder include both psychotherapeutic and pharmacological approaches. The use of Prolonged Exposure (PE) and Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) have been found effective for the treatment of PTSD (Allen et al., 2017). In controlled environments and using different methods, patients are confronted with triggering stimuli and taught methods that will enable them to cope with those stimuli outside their clinical settings (Allen et al., 2017). It is imperative for social workers to recognize co-occurring diagnoses when evaluating clients for treatment and additional resources. References Allen, J. P., Crawford, E. F., Kudler, H. (2016). Nature and treatment of comorbid alcohol problems and post-traumatic stress disorder among American military personnel and veterans. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 38(1), 133-140. Fokkens, A. S., Groothoff, J. W., van der Klink, J. J. L., Popping, R., Stewart, R. E., van de Ven, L., Brouwer, S., Tuinstra, J. (2015). The mental disability military assessment tool: A reliable tool for determining disability in veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 25(3), 569-576. Fry, M. (2016). Post traumatic stress disorder. Practice Nurse, 46(2), 30-34. Wade, N. R. (2016). Integrating cognitive processing therapy and spirituality for the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder in the military. Social Work Christianity, 43(3), 59-72. Yambo, T. W., Johnson, M. E., Delaney, K. R., Hamilton, R., Miller, A. M., York, J. A. (2016). Experiences of military spouses of veterans with combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 48(6), 543-551.

Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton :: American History

Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton: Who was more important in American history?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton were two very important figures in American history but Jefferson was the more influential and profound one of the two rivals. Jefferson was the principal author of the most important document in US history, the Declaration of Independence. He doubled the size of the young nation with the purchase of Louisiana during his presidency. During his lifetime, Jefferson also made many achievements and contributions, based on his strong beliefs, towards the growth and protection of the United States. Of all his accomplishments, the Declaration of Independence was his most defining event for it asserted the USA's independence from Britain and defended revolting against the government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of all the Founding Fathers, Jefferson had the strongest belief in liberty of the people for he thought that all people were entitled to liberty and laws that do not protect it are illegitimate. He took his unique view on liberty and the rights of the people and converted much of it onto paper which was eventually made into the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson defended his role in the creation of the defining document of the United States very proudly but this would not be his last great achievement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of Thomas Jefferson's finest accomplishments while he was president was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. This acquisition of land doubled the nation's size and helped fulfil the demands for western expansion, also making the US closer to completing their Manifest Destiny. Jefferson then financed the Lewis and Clark expedition which in turn gave Americans first knowledge of this vast land of rich resources. Jefferson's influence in shaping the country did not stop there for he made several other admirable deeds in his lifetime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jefferson left a permanent legacy in American history through all his books, inventions, philosophies, and political achievments. With his and James Madison's efforts, Virginia became the first state to completely separate church from state and drafted the Virginia statute for religious freedom. Jefferson's vision of a republican society was planted in Virginia through it's political, educational, and legal systems which would eventually be a model to America and Europe. Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton :: American History Thomas Jefferson vs. Alexander Hamilton: Who was more important in American history?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton were two very important figures in American history but Jefferson was the more influential and profound one of the two rivals. Jefferson was the principal author of the most important document in US history, the Declaration of Independence. He doubled the size of the young nation with the purchase of Louisiana during his presidency. During his lifetime, Jefferson also made many achievements and contributions, based on his strong beliefs, towards the growth and protection of the United States. Of all his accomplishments, the Declaration of Independence was his most defining event for it asserted the USA's independence from Britain and defended revolting against the government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of all the Founding Fathers, Jefferson had the strongest belief in liberty of the people for he thought that all people were entitled to liberty and laws that do not protect it are illegitimate. He took his unique view on liberty and the rights of the people and converted much of it onto paper which was eventually made into the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson defended his role in the creation of the defining document of the United States very proudly but this would not be his last great achievement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of Thomas Jefferson's finest accomplishments while he was president was the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. This acquisition of land doubled the nation's size and helped fulfil the demands for western expansion, also making the US closer to completing their Manifest Destiny. Jefferson then financed the Lewis and Clark expedition which in turn gave Americans first knowledge of this vast land of rich resources. Jefferson's influence in shaping the country did not stop there for he made several other admirable deeds in his lifetime.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jefferson left a permanent legacy in American history through all his books, inventions, philosophies, and political achievments. With his and James Madison's efforts, Virginia became the first state to completely separate church from state and drafted the Virginia statute for religious freedom. Jefferson's vision of a republican society was planted in Virginia through it's political, educational, and legal systems which would eventually be a model to America and Europe.

Adult Behavior during Sports Events: An Overview

Playing sports is crucial and essential to a child's development. A child develops a sense of social awareness and self-confidence whenever he engages in a sport. Of course, this would not be possible if a child's parents will not encourage them in engage in a particular sport.Parents play a significant role in a child's involvement in whatever sport he chooses. A child's sense of sportsmanship is augmented by his parents as well. Parents are always considered to be perfect examples to their children. However, the positive effects of parents on their children are hampered by some instances, which parents themselves exude a plethora of negative behavior during sports events.With this in mind, we are compelled to place the behavior of parents in keen scrutiny. It is alarming that the proliferation of juvenile delinquency can be associated on parents' behavior as well. This is due to the fact that children are developing their cognitive skills at this stage of their lives.There is a gre at possibility that whenever a child develops and imitates the behavior of his parents; there is a possibility that the child's behavior could be worse than his parents by the time he enters adulthood. Another factor that calls for attention is that the improper behavior of some parents is seen not only by the child, but some spectators as well. A child might assume that such behavior is tolerable in public (Ocampo. 2008).Parents are not only the ones to be accounted for misbehavior in sports events. A child's coach, referee, and other people who are involved in a game can affect a child's behavior during these sports events. Whenever a child engages in a particular sport, his sense of competitiveness is heightened as well.However, children sometimes confuse competitiveness with aggressiveness. This is due to the fact that the inappropriate behavior of parents during sports events has an impact on a child's competitiveness. This, of course, gives child a negative sense of competitiv eness. Parents are always at the forefront of each game their child engages in. They are always present during games in order to give their children moral support and boost their self-confidence.Yet sometimes some parents exhibit crass and extreme behavior, which make it seem that they are the ones playing the sport. For instance, spectators claimed that a parent tripped a player from the opposing team during a game, because that player was about to tackle and spear his son. Whenever this happens, parents are deduced into sports fanatics as well.This is a simple example of what sports events can do to behaviors of parents. Parents act in such way due to the speculation that they want their children to excel in that sport where they have failed to do so. Parents may ignore the fact that even though they support their children in such manner, the behavior they exhibit have a consequent effect on the cognitive and social development of their children (Ocampo. 2008).Parental Violence in Sports: Promoting Juvenile Delinquency?The near fatal Junta-Costin youth hockey scrimmage in July of 2000 is considered the linchpin of sports violence in youth sports events (Heinzmann.2002). It ignited the issue of sports rage, which saw a myriad of newspapers all over the world documenting the story; and proliferating numerous editorials that placed parental involvement in a child's sports career under keen scrutiny.At first, it seemed that it was a mere isolated case. Eventually, experts have started debates regarding sports rage in sports events. It has been declared that there is an impending yet subliminal crisis in youth sports. Subliminal because most people don't perceive such as a crucial matter in children's behavior.Subliminal because people might not see its correlation to the increasing rate of juvenile delinquency.In a youth hockey game in Illinois, a father pummeled another player's dad during a heated argument at their son's youth hockey game. What's worse is, tha t father's son pleaded guilty for a misdemeanor charge for beating up an opposing player, which resulted in a paralyzing injury. Obviously, the repercussion of crass and violent behavior of parents are reaping its sour fruits.Children are deliberately affected by the obscene behavior of their parents. Yet parents seem not to be alarmed by such matter. Youth sports officials claimed that the mere yelling of parents at referees and coaches are enough to increase a child's improper sense of aggressiveness. Obviously, parents are sacrificing the virtue of sportsmanship for a twisted sense of competitiveness that they instill in their children (Ocampo.2008).Even though there are no feasible statistics on parental violence and assault, adamant coaches and overaggressive parents are the ones promoting and instilling a twisted sense of aggressiveness and competitiveness among their children (Ocampo.2008). Fred Engh, president of the National Alliance for Youth Sports exclaimed that:There ha s been a tremendous upsurge in violence in the last five years, I've been hearing of more and more violent incidents. We’re beginning to see the trickle-down effect from adults’ misbehavior †¦ where children that are involved are becoming part of the bad behavior. Far too often, we tell kids it’s ok to cheat in order to win, to taunt the players on the other team, to criticize officials. (Engh. 2000).The Illinois misdemeanor battery case has generated a maximum penalty of one year imprisonment. State prosecutors have dropped two counts of felony aggravated battery (James.2000). The boy has yet to be convicted in juvenile facility until he is 21 (James.2000).The juvenile acknowledged that he used the hockey stick to drag opposition player Neal Goss, causing Goss to hit the boards seconds after the buzzer sounded during a junior varsity game. The unidentified youth declared this in his plea agreement. After slamming into the fiber glass boards, Goss was delib erately paralyzed below his waist and injured his arms as well (James.2000).A bevy of head-butting and elbow-throwing melees have been rampant across the country. The Illinois incident is simply an example of the increasing rate of sports rage. Youth sports officials have claimed that coaches and parents are responsible for the ramifications in youth sports. Unfortunately, children are deliberately affected in this massive sports violence proliferation.Bob Still, public relations manager for the National Association of Sports Officials emphasized that: â€Å"Not only has the language gone more in the gutter, but we’ve also seen a rise in the number of incidences reported where physical violence has occurred.† (Still.2000).In 1975, one of the first cases of sports rage, it was reported by Sports Illustrated in the article â€Å"Taking the Fun Out of the Game† that a fight ignited between a mob of adult spectators and a group of coaches that coached championship t eam of sixth graders during a game in Kissimmee, Florida.The sports rage incident resulted with one coach being rushed to the hospital. Someone was yelling that one coach was dead already; causing the mob to depart the scene just before police authorities arrived. The coach was actually unconscious for a couple of hours before being taken to a nearby hospital. In Miami, a player's father pummeled his son's coach for arguing over his son's playing time.These incidents were obscure due to the fact that such incidents weren't able to be published or televised. The public was not aware of news like â€Å"Youth Sports Coaches pummeled by Furious Mob†. A series of rage events not associated with youth sports events were simply dismissed as a weak form of sociological trend (Heinzmann.2002).In order to place the growing cases of youth sports rage in further scrutiny, the Rutgers Youth Sports Research Council launched a computer search engine, which enables people to learn about yout h sports violence incidents through the database of more than 5,000 related articles concerning sports rage in youth sports events (Heinzmann.2002)†¦However, several articles suggest faux pas facts, which limited the public's knowledge concerning youth sports violence. The most crucial fact is that keen investigation has not succeeded in generating substantial data that sports rage in youth sports has increased in alarming rates. In order to comprehend and augment the understanding of the public of youth sports violence without any scientific data at hand, people can be made aware through the myriad of various sociology researches.This would augment our knowledge on how the media could have a discreet influence on general opinion regarding youth sports rage. Youth homicide has experienced a decline from 1993 to 1999. The Justice Policy Institute reported that there was a 68% decline in youth homicide in the United States, which was the lowest rate since 1966 (Heinzmann.2002).Ca mpus-related violent death decreased as well by 72%. However, network homicide coverage increased into a surprising 473% even though there was 33% decline in murders from 1990 to 1998. Evening news was reporting more than 25% of crimes were homicide cases (Heinzmann.2002).Justice Policy Institute pundits have declared that 62% believe that youth-related crimes are increasing upon conducting a survey. Americans saw it grew into epic proportions during random school shootings in 2000 (Heinzmann.2002)Eliminating Sports Violence: Beyond Feasible Statistics?Each sports event whether on the youth or professional level is experiencing a bevy of harassments on a daily basis. That is why security is assured in such events. Police and medical assistance are present in these events due to the fact that there is a possibility of heightened violence. Parents and adults are always at the forefront during these sports rage incidents (NASO, 2008).Annually, NASO has been receiving hundreds of report s, in which sports rage occurs among fans, officials, coaches, and players (NASO, 2008). Before NASO proposed a clamor for a bill proposal on youth sports violence, they defined sports rage as any physical attack upon a person during a sports events such as hitting, wounding, and other forms of harmful contact in an offensive manner, verbal abuse, and obscene harassments, which threatens an individual's safety during a sports event.After a pact has made to settle on the standard definition of â€Å"sports rage†, Investigators have began to observe and analyze the probable evidence that in order to link parents to such youth violence, investigators have to substantiate the faux pas norm that 15% of parents during these youth sporting events go below the belt and resort to deliberate violence.However, it was only 5% in the previous five years, yet conclusive feasible scientific evidence has yet to surface (Heinzmann.2002). However, according to NASO, published studies regarding sports rage incidents have yet to be seen; and that instances made by the media are anecdotal in nature and does not have feasible evidence. With this in mind, substantial facts contradict what is reported to the public (Heinzmann.2002).In a recent study by the NASO, it was stated that the prevalence and proliferation of crass behavior and assaults on youth sports officials occurs not only at youth sports games, but in the professional level as well (Heinzmann.2002).The study was aimed at urging state legislatures to provide apt laws that will penalize individuals who exhibit any form of obscene behavior during sports events (Heinzmann.2002). It primary purpose though was to educate and promote public awareness regarding manic behavior during these sports events (Heinzmann.2002).This generated the notion that scientific findings have yet to augment that sports rage is the primary deterrent during youth sports games. Even youth violence experts have acknowledged the fact that there is heightened rate of violence during youth sports events. Ironically, adults and parents are always the ones who instigate such obscene behavior.However, impartial statistics have yet to surface in order to prove that youth sports violence has increased; and that there is a great possibility that this trend has become more violent as cases begin to increase. Dan Macallair, Vice President of the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice, have urged a movement that will make alternative ways aside from imprisonment.Contrary to the media hype that has heightened the awareness of sports rage, Macallair's agency has shown that statistics of school violence in the United States are lower than anticipated. Furthermore, juvenile delinquency rates have experienced a huge letdown in previous years.Macallair even suggested that the increasing youth violence should be associated with modern day technology such as video games, which promote violence as well. Macallair exclaimed that:We really don ’t know because we don’t have the evidence. My guess is that it’s probably less than we think. †¦ My gut is that it’s being reported more frequently and more widely just because of modern-day media practices and media technology.Too often, the evidence does not support the perception. You see that all the time — that kids today are worse than they were 10 or 20 years ago. And then you go back and see that people were saying that about kids then. People have very short memories. However, we really don't know because we don't have the evidence. My guess is that it's probably less than we think. . .My gut is that it's being reported more frequently and more widely just because of modern-day media practices and media technology. (Macallair. 2001).Some experts have acknowledged the notion that the media has made a deliberate impact on the increasing rate of youth sports rage. Frank Smoll, author of Sports and Your Child, notes that the family is th e primary culprit in irrational aggressive behavior of child during sports games; yet coaches, professional athletes, and the media is also to blame for youth sports violence. Smoll exclaims that:I’m surprised there isn’t more violence in youth sports given the current underlying phenomena that feeds this violence system, particularly in hockey.During the hockey season, the sportscasts †¦ are going to show the fight of the night. That’s sick, flat out, he adds. Is it any wonder kids are going to see that and say, Hey, I’m going to be a better fighter, I’ve got instruction? (Smoll. 2000)National Alliance for Youth Sports president Fred Engh says that a child imitates what he perceives to be â€Å"good†. Good examples imply to their favorite professional athletes like wrestlers or MMA fighters. He complements Smoll's statement by implying that: â€Å"They’re seeing that kind of behavior on television.Look at the World Wrestling Fe deration. Look at the Jerry Springer Show. This is the mentality of a growing number of dysfunctional people that is creeping into youth sports.† (Engh.2000).Obviously, the sports entertainment industry must take initiative in taking the obligation for contributing to societal norms, which affect children and adults like. Talk shows have proliferated public display of violence as well. Ironically, such programs have a strong following by creating manic debates, which eventually turns into melee when things get out of hand.Studio audience is involved as well by castigating guests. Things get out of hand when altercations emerge during the show. Shows which are televised when children can watch such deliberate show of public violence; Take for instance the Jerry Springer Show, which gives people the opportunity to castigate people who did them wrong. It gives people the notion that what cannot be settled in a verbal manner can be settled with deliberate violence.But it is proper to do such in public? This suggests that the media is a purveyor of violence and irrational sense of competitiveness as well. Children can adhere to such when they go out to public affairs such as youth sports events. And by the time they are adults, they would do the same and even exhibit more obscene behavior during youth sports events (Ocampo.2008).ConclusionOrganized youth sports have been receiving media hype over the years. The issue of youth sports rage has been a crucial matter for the media to give it unprecedented attention. Incidents involving parents, coaches, and game officials have contributed to such by instigating fights and crass behavior during youth sports events.Although it is purely anecdotal that such matter is getting out of hand and is on the brink of enormous escalation, sports rage incidents are proliferating, and has been one of the primary purveyors of juvenile delinquency and youth violence. Such matter is beyond statistics, and the obvious is larger th an the scientific studies conducted regarding youth sports rage incidents.With this in mind, youth sports organizers should be at the forefront of every altercation during a youth sports event. They must implement proper measures of security in order to imply peace and order during games. On the other hand, parents should exhibit proper etiquette during youth sports events.Parents should be the ones who must moderate the various societal factors, which contribute to their child's sense of competitiveness. They must be reminded that during these games, they are not fans but parents who should guide their children. Parents should always bear in mind the youth sports games have a deliberate cognitive and social effect on their children's mentalities.They should be perfect examples during these events, and must instill positive and favorable values that a sport will complement their children's well-being (Ocampo.2008).

Dartmoor Nationa lPark In 2002

Dartmoor lies in South Devon, in South Western England. Devon is next to Cornwall, Somerset and Dorset. The Dartmoor National Park lies not far from the Cornwall border, next to the city of Plymouth and close to Exeter. To the south of Dartmoor lies several honeypot locations such Paignton, Torbay and Torquay. These attract masses of tourist every year. There are many rivers and streams which run through The Dartmoor National Park. Some of the major ones are the River Teign and Bovey, running through the North East of the park; the River Dart, running through the South East of the park; the River Plym, Erme and Yealm, running through the South West of the park; and the River Tavy and Taw running through the North West of the park. Throughout the park there are many A and B class roads. These include the A38 which runs from Exeter to Plymouth, the A30 which runs from Exeter to Launceston, the A386 which runs from Sourton to Plymouth, A382 which runs from Bovey Tracy to Whiddon Down, the B3212 which runs from Moretonhampstead to Yelverton, the B3357 which runs from Tavistock to Dartmeet, the B3193 which runs through Teign Valley, and the B3387 which runs from Bovey Tracey to Widecombe. Sketch Map Of The Dartmoor National Park Land Issues Facing The Dartmoor National Park Unlike many other countries in the world, such as the United States Of America, the government doesn't control the National Parks within the United Kingdom and Wales. Within the park there are many landowners such as public bodies and private individuals. This causes many conflicts within the park. National Parks were setup in the 1950s. Up to 1957, ten National Parks were confirmed. 1989 saw another area, the Norfolk and Suffolk Broads, given National Park status. In 1999 the Government declared that two new National Parks in England were to be created; South Downs and the New Forest. National Parks were set up to: * conserve and enhance the natural wildlife, beauty and cultural heritage of the area. * show the outside public how to promote and understand the countryside. * care for the social and economic welfare of the communities within The National Parks. The National Parks are home to 300 000 people. Dartmoor National Park accommodates 32 300. This is spread over the main settlements in the National Park; Ashburton, Buckfastleigh, Moretonhampstead, Princetown, Yelverton, Horrabridge, South Brent, Christow, Chagford. The population of the largest settlement, Ashburton is about 3,500. One of the major issues that have a big concern for everybody within The National Park is tourism. All this is due to: * people having more money to spend on recreation. * additional time for holidays, particularly short breaks such as a bank holiday or weekend. * a better infrastructure. The Dartmoor National Park has to cope with thousands and thousands of visitors per month. The National Park Authority claims that it has 10 million day visits every year. More than 40% of all visitors are from surrounding honeypots such as Torbay and neighbouring cities such as Plymouth. To be precise: * 22% come from Plymouth. * 10.2% come from Torbay. * 18.7% come from Teignbridge. * 8.9% come from South Hams. * 14.4% come from West Devon. * 8.8% come from outside Devon * 8% come from the rest of Devon * 9% come from Exeter. All the information above is the percentage of people coming from that area, both the people who have a permanent house there and people who are staying at that place, on holiday. Coping with so many tourists is a very big problem for The National Park Authorities. When it is extremely busy, there are not enough parking spaces. All visitors expect easy access. The edges of the park are particularly under pressure as major holiday routes pass it to the North and South. Visitors anticipate that there will be tourist shops, litter collections, picnic areas, and toilets. The Dartmoor National Park houses four National Park Information Centres, twelve Village Information Points, four Community Information Points and several other Centres supported by the National Park Authority. There are 72 different places to park within Dartmoor. The prices of houses within The Dartmoor National Park, and other parks, are soaring because rich, wealthy people from urban areas pay more for their second home than local people can afford. The majority of the community in National Parks throughout the United Kingdom have a lot of elderly retired people. There are not a lot of young people in the area because these areas do not have a lot of schools; primary and secondary, and they certainly do not have colleges and universities. Another key factor is erosion. Here is a diagram showing the main reasons why erosion occurs: The human causes of erosion are walking across the grassy terrain, grazing live stock on the fields, driving farm vehicles, horse riding, mountain biking and military training. Although all the things here can be refrained from doing, the National Park really would not be. Things like military training and some driving of vehicles can be avoided. All the natural causes of erosion; rain, wind and vegetation, cannot be avoided. These are natural and if it did not happen then all kinds of life in the park would die. The Ministry of Defence control around 13,340 hectares; about 32,951 Acres; of the park. This about 14% of the whole park. Most activity is intense between Okehampton and Two Bridges, to the North of the park. Both live and â€Å"dry† ammunition is used. Live firing has caused damage to ancient monuments and has disturb wildlife, When training commences, large areas are closed off from the public. Even though there are no natural lakes in The Dartmoor National Park, there are eight reservoirs, taking up around 1% of the park. Burrator, Venford, Fernworthy, Trenchford, Tottiford and Kennick were built before 1940. The other two were added latter; Avon Dam and Meldon. These reservoirs were created by blocking off valleys and waiting for them to fill up. These reservoirs are used to supply water to the towns and cities of Devon. Rainfall on the moors are much higher than urban areas such as London. Kaolin, otherwise known as china clay, is the source of the main mining industry in Dartmoor today. Kaolin is extracted by open cast mining and used in to make paper shiny. The kaolin is exported throughout the world. There are large reserves in southern Dartmoor, mainly around Lee Moor, which has one of the largest china clay pits in the world; over 90 m deep and covering over 40 hectares, around 100 acres. Producing kaolin produces large amounts of waste. Land that is important for recreation, wildlife and archaeological interest has been threatened by the dumping of kaolin waste. The main reason for the creation of The National Parks were to conserve the natural beauty of the areas. Within Dartmoor there are two large areas of blanket fog. This area waterlogged all year long because there is very heavy rainfall there and poor drainage. It is dominated by rushes, cotton grass and a thick layer sphagnum moss. Around this area there are heather and grass moors, providing better grazing for farm and wild animals. Solutions: The Authorities So what's going on to combat the land issues facing The Dartmoor National Park? Many things are being done to help conserve the environment from tourists: * More and more information centres are being created to inform visitors about the park, to make them understand how to use and preserve the park. This not only through information centres but also signposts and leaflets. * The Rangers observe the park the most .They are the eyes and ears of The Dartmoor National Park. They try to make certain that all visitors enjoy their visit and monitor the effects of recreation on the landscape and the local community. The local communities support their work a great deal. * The visitor mangers. These are the people who control more or less every man-made aspect of the park. They say were to put an information centre, where to put a toilet. They plan for these things by doing surveys. (One can be found on the next page). * New roads are being made. A trunk road was created a few years back, through the North of the park, although an act was passed that no new roads were to be created in parks. Erosion is single handedly destroying the environment. The National Park Authority has created a strategy to turf or re-seed the most eroded parts. The military is a big problem in the way to totally cleaning the park. All the Authorities are trying to ban them from The National Park. Authorities do not like the eight reservoirs already in the park. A bid for another one was made a few years back. It was refused by parliament. With all the waste from the kaolin, the authorities are trying to find suitable places for the waste to be stored. A place has not been found yet although they are still looking. Solutions: My Opinion I think that all cars should be banned from the area. People should park their cars and catch a bus into the area. The military should be also banned from the area. They should go and find else were to do their training.

Dilemmas Of The Individual In Public Services Social Work Essay Example

Dilemmas Of The Individual In Public Services Social Work Essay Example Dilemmas Of The Individual In Public Services Social Work Essay Dilemmas Of The Individual In Public Services Social Work Essay Essay Topic: Emma Introduction This book is intended to give the reader an overall apprehension of what Lipsky calls street-level bureaucratisms and administrative officials through an insightful analysis of front line pattern in public administrations. It is an effort at developing a theory of street-level bureaucratisms by analyzing the professional behavior and daily patterns of the administrative officials who operate within a model of supplying public services to the population. Lipsky defines street-level administrative officials as public service workers who interact straight with citizens in the class of their occupations, and who have significant discretion in the executing of their work ( 1980:3 ) . Some illustrations include instructors, constabulary officers and other jurisprudence enforcement forces, societal workers, Judgess, public attorneies and other tribunal officers, wellness workers ( 1980:3 ) . While he defined street-level bureaucratisms defined as public service bureaus that employ a im portant figure of street-level administrative officials in proportion to their work force ( 1980:3 ) . Lipsky argues that it is non through the authorities acts or Torahs that policy is best understood but through the crowded offices and day-to-day experiences of the administrative official. It is these administrative officials who through the proviso of public services implement a big sum of influence over how public policy is really carried out. Initially drawn to public service for selfless grounds, the worker is easy corrupted, overworked, and exhausted by assorted force per unit areas including battle with deficient resources and obscure policy ends ( Lipsky 1980: thirteen ) . Therefore, in order to cover efficaciously with these force per unit areas, the administrative official with comparative liberty from organizational authorization and high degrees of discretion exercises a figure of determinations, modus operandis, and get bying mechanisms which efficaciously become the public policies they carry out. The purpose of the book being to demo the broad disagreement between wh at authorities policies claim to make and what really happens when policy is implemented. Drumhead The book is divided into four subdivisions each covering with a specific portion of the complex features of street degree bureaucratisms. Section one provides an introductory overview of the subject to give an apprehension of the nature of bureaucratisms, it besides examines the function of the administrative official in the devising and execution of policies. Section two examines the common work conditions of the bureaucratism with specific attending given to the resources, ends, and public presentation steps instigated, the purportedly supportive relationship between the client and the administrative official, and the work induced disaffection. Section three explores the forms of pattern or get bying mechanisms developed by the administrative official in order to cover with the work conditions and high degrees of clients, including rationing and curtailing clients, routinisation, and the control exercised in client processing. Section four focal points on the hereafter of street-le vel bureaucratisms, and proposes new agencies of cut downing client tensenesss and doing administrative officials more accountable. The first chapter points out the grounds why street-level bureaucratisms are so important, which include the Numberss employed, the monies to fund and pay forces, and the impact on persons lives particularly those of lower incomes. Its chief focal point is on the critical function played, and struggle experienced daily by administrative officials due to their placement as go-betweens ; between clients who hope for effectual intervention by the authorities through the services provided, and the public assistance province who hopes for economical proviso of public services. It posits that administrative officials in their place as service suppliers have a immense duty as their actions straight impact on clients lives. Using their powers of discretion to make up ones mind how to present the service, who should profit, and to what extent, they enact a signifier of societal control by necessitating certain behaviors and actions by the client. Therefore straight impacting on a client s lif e opportunities by either giving or taking off of benefits and using penalties or negative countenances for non-conformity. The purpose of the 2nd chapter is to exemplify how as a effect of their interactions with clients, enabled by their usage of discretion in determination devising, and their comparative liberty from the organizational authorization, it is the administrative officials who on a regular basis make policy. It is posited that even though there are regulations, ordinances, and norms to be followed, if a successful service is to be provided that is both cost effectual and timely discretion must be applied. Discretion is a described as a cardinal feature of the administrative official s place, necessary due to the really nature of the work i.e. the human dimension which frequently renders a really complex state of affairs necessitating flexibleness and consideration of all the grounds before doing a determination. The relationship between the lower degree administrative official and managerial governments of the administration being both dependent and conflicting is besides highlighted as inf luential in the behavior of administrative officials and determination devising procedure. Lipsky posits that because of differing involvements, deficiency of understanding on ends and aims, and contradictory positions on acceptable degrees of discretion and autonomy struggle arises. This struggle consequences in opposition from the administrative official to direction through avenues such as the organizational processs non being followed and new processs being developed by the administrative official therefore doing new policies ( 1980:19 ) . Section two focal points on the work environment which gives rise to commonalties found among street-level bureaucratisms which conditions the manner they perceive jobs and frame solutions to them, therefore giving rise to common forms of pattern that impact the administrative officials ability to take action ( 198:27 ) . In chapter three Lipsky highlights the issue of unequal resources, saying that street-level bureaucratisms will ever be inveterate missing in countries such as clip, information, and experience. Added to this the of all time increasing caseloads and demand for services which will ever transcend supply, the inevitable tensenesss between the client, administrative official, and director will doubtless hold a negative impact on both the clients and administrative officials experience. In chapter four he observes how in order for the administration to work efficaciously and expeditiously it needs to put down ends and aims which are frequently, at best, ill-defined a nd equivocal, and struggle with the administrative officials ain ends. This deficiency of congruity on ends makes it hard if non impossible for the director to garner public presentation measurings, and consequences in answerability besides being elusive. In chapter five, Lipsky describes the kineticss of the bureaucrat-client relationship as being common to street-level bureaucratisms. The administrative official exerts control over the non-voluntary client who must entree services either because they are non available elsewhere or they are on a low income, and therefore must follow with outlooks and determinations made in order to have benefits or avoid countenances ( 1980:60 ) . Finally in chapter 6, the issues of disaffection and the at odds function of protagonism are explored. Bureaucrats are expected to work for the client, have their best involvement at bosom, and guarantee the best intervention, but this conflicts with the outlooks of the bureaucratism. Bureaucrats being ex pected to work within a remit of maintaining control of resources and avoiding particular intervention are therefore, yet once more, put under great emphasis. Alienation, harmonizing to Lipsky, occurs because the administrative official merely works on parts of the merchandise, has no relationship to the result of their work or the natural stuffs, ensuing in the worker being alienated from their occupation. Section three examines whether the commonalties listed supra lead to common behavior apparent in street-level bureaucratisms. First, the commonalties listed above all contribute to the administrative official who joined the public service for selfless grounds going unmotivated, and dissatisfied with their place, and therefore negatively impacting on the services provided to the client. Lipsky states that forms of pattern or get bying mechanisms are developed by the administrative officials in different businesss in order to cover with the work conditions described in subdivisions one and two and the overloading of clients. He posits that in order to carry through their undertakings administrative officials ab initio set up modus operandis to simplify the complex occupations, but because these are capable to personal and political biass they straight impact what the modus operandi is seeking to accomplish and add up to contemplations of the administration and therefore direct policies ( 1980:86 ) . He highlights a figure of ways in which they ration and curtail services including ; waiting in lines, inordinate paperwork, pigeonholing likely wrongdoers, practising favoritism and symbolic entreaty processs ( 1980:81-82 ) . Bureaucrats besides retaliate against the emphasiss and strains imposed on them by direction by modify their ain behaviors to accomplish their personal ends, specializing or restricting and even spread outing duty to acquire things done harmonizing to how they think they should be ( 1980:142-150 ) . Section four concludes with a expression to the hereafter of street-level bureaucratisms, discoursing the impact of the 1980 s financial crisis in regard to answerability and potency for reform. Lipsky argues that it is virtually impossible to keep administrative officials accountable where the nature of the work employs high degrees of liberty and discretion ( 1980:159 ) . He believes that the force per unit areas of the financial crisis to cut down fiscal outgos while understating impact cuts will merely function to increase unequal resources and lessening service quality. He concludes by suggesting two ways of cut downing client tensenesss and doing administrative officials more accountable ; by including clients in bureau determination devising, and pins his hopes on new professionals who will perpetrate to seeking to accomplish greater societal and economic justness and shun personal position sweetening ( 1980:204 ) . Review Michael Lipsky is surely more than qualified to compose about street-level bureaucratisms, holding graduated from Oberlin College and received an MPA and a PhD in Politics from Princeton University. He has taught in the countries of public policy, American political relations, and societal motions since 1975, and has written, edited, and contributed to many books and diaries. He is presently a Research Professor at Georgetown University s Public Policy Institute and a Senior Program Director at Demos, a public policy and protagonism administration based in New York ( Georgetown University 2012 ) . Sing his educational background it is rather delighting to happen the book is easy to read and follow. It uses an informal, enlightening tone and non excessively many big indecipherable words which means it is suited for all to read ; bookmans, pupils, and the wider public. It provides a comprehensive analysis of street-level bureaucratisms and administrative officials which has an copiousn ess of real life illustrations which assist the reader in understanding Lispky s hypotheses. Lipsky developed his theory following a book reappraisal he wrote and a subsequent paper Toward a Theory of Street-Level Bureaucracy which laid out his initial ideas and guesss on the importance of work construction in set uping the relationship between citizens and these public employees ( 1980: seventeen ) . His uses a qualitative experimental attack to his survey and did non execute any methodical empirical research but alternatively used a figure of empirical illustrations and secondary literature to show his statement. However, he besides uses rather a figure of mentions to common sense analogies which win in bolstering his statement. His theory, it must be noted, is strong in placing and explicating the issues environing policy execution and could therefore be described as descriptive theoretical account ; a theoretical account to depict how they do run, to simplify the survey of how they make determinations ( Hogwood and Gunn, 1984, as cited in Cairney 2012:32 ) . Execution can be described as the executing of a program for making something ; it can mention to the bringing of a programme or to an array of activities initiated by the authorities to accomplish ends and aims set frontward in a policy. Policy execution is portion of the policy rhythm which by and large involves policy design followed by policy bringing and so policy reappraisal. It is concerned with set uping or using an administration to take duty for execution, guaranting that the administration has the resources to make so, and doing certain that policy determinations are carried out as planned ( Cariney 2012:33 ) . The survey of execution is centred on the hypothesis that determinations made by policymakers may non be carried out suitably ( 2012:34 ) . Lipsky can be understood as working from a bottom-up attack to policy execution, a direct challenge to the top-down attack which believes that cardinal authorities is the chief influence on policy results. He sees policy as being created in a complex field of tensenesss and demands by the single actions of the implementers, in this instance street-level administrative officials who have a critical function in implementing policy. Lipsky s thesis is based on the impression that policy is in fact what bureaucrats do, utilizing discretion in both positive and negative ways to voyage the complex and multi-faceted country of human services. For Lipsky, discretion occurs in a context of struggle between front-line workers and directors ; between a desire to top-down control and resistance to it. His work gives great lucidity to the motivations behind the actions of street-level administrative officials, every bit good as indicating to the policy and resource morass which lends itself to the burnt-out attitude frequently presented by front-line staff. Research by Wandersman et Al ( 2008 ) identified a figure of factors which influence execution in pattern which corroborate Lipsky s theory that front line administrative officials have an of import function to play in the policy execution process. They identified a figure of including single features, such as practictioners education, experience, and attitude toward the invention, every bit good as organizational and community factors. A study from the Mental Health Commission ( 2009 ) besides supports Lipskys theories saying that effectual execution is synonymous with co-ordinated alteration at system, administration programme and pattern degrees . Evans ( 2011:3 ) has besides shown that Lipsky s ideal of street-level bureaucratisms are comparable to modern-day societal services in that they are administrations controlled by directors where there is concern for what is produced non the procedure. Even though this book is based on American experiences it can still be applied to the Irish experience and I believe is relevant to the Irish Welfare State and its policy execution schemes. For illustration, Community Welfare Officers can be understood as street-level administrative officials who use discretion in their work to make up ones mind who shall have benefits and when, impose countenances. They use commanding mechanisms such as inordinate signifier filling, and long waiting lines to enable them to routinize their processs and implement the policies of the public assistance system. Probation Officers who work under the remit of the Criminal Justice Department can besides be understood as street-level administrative officials who operate with great discretion in their daily operation, and have to set and make their ain policies to enable them to run expeditiously. Other authors have besides found that Lipsky s work can be applied to states with much differing public assistanc e provinces such as Winter ( 1981 ) whose qualitative instance surveies in Denmark identified extended header mechanisms amongst street-level administrative officials. The overall purpose of this book has been to demo the broad disagreement between what authorities policies claim to make and what really happens when that policy is implemented. It has portrayed the life of a street-level administrative official as being invariably under duress from both sides of the system and shown how choler and bitterness evolve to develop into get bying mechanisms to cover with clients and the confines of work conditions. I believe Lipsky has been most successful in this enterprise and produced a all-around, nonsubjective survey of the procedure of policy execution as evidenced in street-level bureaucratisms.

Political Communication in the Global Age - Does political advertising Essay

Political Communication in the Global Age - Does political advertising undermine or support democracy - Essay Example Most of their competitive campaigns include huge numbers of advertisements and negative appeal. Such campaigns can overwhelm voters. It makes them think these communications are manipulative and may turn them off. However, at the same time, such communications and campaigns are responsible for giving people access to information, keeping them up to date and engaged, it mobilizes them, gives them choice, gives them freedom, help those who are politically unsophisticated and bring many other advantages that positively impact democracy. Political advertising supports democracy by giving people choice and access to information as it is but to enable it to facilitate order and democracy even more, it should be driven by some regulations. More research needs to be carried out to identify gaps in political advertising versus democracy. When customers are in the process of making a decision about a commercial product – whether to buy it or not; they need to have information about that product. Better yet, they should be able to engage and interact with the product to get a better idea about it. In my opinion, having this information makes these customers powerful and facilitates decision-making. However, whether this decision is the â€Å"best† one or not is unclear until customers actually start using a product after purchase. Similarly, before voting, customers might need relevant information to be able to vote. At the same time however, well-equipped and even better funded candidates and political parties can devastate the voter with their political advertising campaigns that may include negative, competitive and attack ads. This paper will look at the arguments for and against political advertising and its relationship with democracy. It will then conclude whether political advertising undermines or supports democracy. To give readers a head start, the following section will explain what political advertising is and how, as a marketing tool,

Progress Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Progress Report - Essay Example She also shows some anticipation for the next step in activities with familiar routine and is beginning to show ability to communicate a desire for activities to continue. Record of Progress Communication and Language Activities experience by the pupil this year Communication underpins every activity that Cristina undertakes at school. She has participated in a range of activities over this year to provide opportunities for her to develop her communication skills. These activities included greetings, end of the day sessions, massage, sensory story, interactive music, and one-to-one interaction sessions with familiar members of the staff. Responding Pupil’s progress Cristina has been working towards developing anticipation of the next step in well-established routines and responds appropriately or consistently to a range of different sensory stimuli. As the year progresses, Cristina has become more consistent in showing anticipation for regular daily activities such as greeting s and her favourite weekly sensory story session titled ‘We going on the bear hunt’. A good example is her excellent progress in anticipating for greeting or interactive sessions during Autumn term. She would look at a bottle of essential oil when presented to her by an adult and stay still for a few seconds to smell the oil of the day. She initially smiled broadly when asked whether she wants more of a smell particularly if given plenty of time to respond. During Spring term, she showed ability to recognize the sequence of steps within same activity. She has also begun exploring the drum positioned under her hands by making small finger movement especially if encouraged verbally by adults to perform a task. Over the time, she has learnt to prolong the activity by trying hard to continue her small hand movement in exploring this musical instrument especially with prolonged one-to-one interaction she gets from an adult at such times. She has also begun to get less startl ed if adult leading the activity use a countdown such as ‘one, two, three’ when introducing noisy objects, such as drum. Recently, she began to vocalise when asking for a tune to say hello, although she is not yet consistent and will need more time to consolidate this skill. During the sensory story sessions, she has shown ability to anticipate certain familiar routines, especially if an adult used the phrase ‘ready, steady†¦go’. She would for example anticipate for water spray by turning head and looking at an adult shaking a thunder maker for brief moment of 2-3 seconds. She would also smile when activities were accompanied by ‘ready, steady†¦go’. On some occasion, she would actively turn her head towards rainmaker and tracked torch light on the black material other than just smiling or stilling in response. Interacting Pupil’s progress Cristina has been working towards developing her interaction skills with familiar and less familiar adults and shows ability to distinguish between them. Cristina remained interested when adults interacted with her and continued to smile or became animated when the adult talked to her. She responded best during one-to-one intensive sessions when familiar members of staff interacted with her. She showed a clear awareness of the presence of others and would at times smile when chatting to a class staff member. She has also responded with various facial expressions and random vocalizations. She has learnt to accept physical contact from familiar and